Effect of Time and Storage Conditions on the Stability of Citronellal Lotion
Keywords:
mosquito, repellant, citronellal, stability.
Abstract
Commercial mosquito repellent lotion containing citronellal was tested for its stability to evaluate changes in the physical and chemical properties of the lotion at various times and storage condistions. This study used three variations of storage conditions; at 25°C, 30°C, 50°C, and sun exposured condition. Storage was carried out for 3 months and testing was carried out once a month for each storage condition. The lotion stability parameters tested included pH, viscosity, and citronellal content. Acidity measurement was carried out using a pH meter. Viscosity measurement was carried out using a Brookfield spindle helipath 96 viscometer at a speed of 12 rpm, while citronellal content measurement was carried out using gas chromatography. The results showed that storage time and temperature had a significant effect on the stability of citronellal lotion. The longer the lotion was stored, the viscosity and citronellal content decreased. In addition, higher storage temperatures also accelerated the decline in lotion stability, showed by significant changes in viscosity and citronellal content. Meanwhile, the pH of the lotion did not change significantly at each variation of storage time and conditions.
Keywords: mosquito, repellant, citronellal, stability.
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References
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Kamaruzaman, N. & Yusop, S.M. (2021). Determination of stability of cosmetics formulations incorporated with water soluble elastin isolated from poultry. Journal of King Saud University – Science, 22(6), 101519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101519
Kim, J-K., Kang, C-S, K. C., Lee, J-K., Kim, Y-R., Han, H-Y., & Yun, H-K. (2007). Evaluation of repellency effect of two natural aroma mosquito repellent compounds, citronella and citronellal. Entomologi Research, 35(2), 117-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2005.tb00146.x
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Lupi, E., Hatz, C., & Schlagenhauf, P. (2013). The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp.–A literature review. Travel medicine and infectious disease, 11(6), 374-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.10.005
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McHenry, M., & Lacuesta, G. (2014). Severe allergic reaction to diethyltoluamide (DEET) containing insect repellent. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 10(Suppl 2), A30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-10-S2-A30
Moniharapon, D. D., & Unitly, A. J. A. (2023). Herbal Pengendali Nyamuk. Bandung: Widina Media Utama
Mukhlisin, M., Fauzi, F.M. & Sari, D.R. (2024). Phytochemical Screening of Citronella Extract (Cymbopogon nardus) with Different Solvents and Stability of Mosquito Repellant Lotion. JOPS (Journal Of Pharmacy and Science) 8(1):45-53.
Ravera, F., Dziza, K., Santini, E., Cristofolini, L., & Liggieri, L. (2021). Emulsification and emulsion stability: The role of the interfacial properties. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 288, 102344, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2020.102344
Ray, A. (2016). Reception of odors and repellents in mosquitoes. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 34, 158-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2015.06.014
Riffell, J. A. (2019). Olfaction: repellents that congest the mosquito nose. Current Biology, 29(21), R1124-R1126. 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.053
Roy, S., Majumder, S., Deb, A. & Choudhury, L. (2023). Microbial contamination of cosmetics and the pharmaceutical products, and their preservation strategies: A comprehensive review. Novel Research in Microbiology Journal, 7(5): 2116-2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2023.317346
Safaruddin, Alif, M.N, Inayah, N., & Amin, R. (2024). Pengembangan Formula Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorataL) Dengan Variasi Minyak Serai (Oleum citronellae) Sebagai Lotion Anti Nyamuk. Inhealth: Indonesian Health Jornal, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.56314/inhealth.v3i1.197
Saputra, A. A., Mulyadi, D., & Khumaisah, L. L. (2020). Uji Efektivitas Formula E-Liquid Minyak Sereh Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus L.) sebagai Repelan terhadap Aedes aegypti. Chimica et Natura Acta, 8(3), 126-132. https://doi.org/10.24198/cna.v8.n3.26257
Sari, D.K. & Lestari, R.S.D. (2015). Pengaruh Waktu Dan Kecepatan Pengadukan Terhadap Emulsi Minyak Biji Matahari (Helianthus annuus L.) dan Air. Jurnal Integrasi Proses, 5(3), 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.36055/jip.v5i3.368
Shkreli, R.; Terziu, R.; Memushaj, L. and Dhamo, K. (2022). Formulation and stability evaluation of a cosmetics emulsion concentrations of loaded synthetic with and different natural preservative. Journal of Biological Studies, 5(1): 38-51. https://doi.org/10.62400/jbs.v5i1.6373
Sinko, P.J. & Singh, Y. (2013). Martin's physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences: Physical chemical and biopharmaceutical principles in the pharmaceutical sciences: Sixth edition.
Soonwera, M. (2015). Efficacy of essential oils from citrus plants against mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti (Linn.) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Intl J Agric Technol, 11: 669-681
Sritabutra, D., Soonwera, M., Waltanachanobon, S., & Puongjai, S. (2011). Evaluation of herbal essential oil as repellents against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrion. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(1):S124–S128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60138-X
Tadros, T.F. (2013). Book: Emulsion Formation and Stability. John Wiley & Sons.
Tawatsin, A., Wratten, S. D., Scott, R. R., Thavara, U., & Techadamrongsin, Y. (2001). Repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors. Journal of vector ecology, 26, 76-82.
Turek, C., & Stintzing, F. C. (2012). Impact of different storage conditions on the quality of selected essential oils. Food Research International, 46(1), 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.028
World Health Organization. (2000). Global collaboration for development of pesticides for public health : repellents and toxicants for personal protection: by D. R. Barnard. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66666
Baird, R.M. (2011). Microbial Spoilage, Infection Risk and Contamination Control. In: Denyer, S.P.; Hodges, N.A.; Gorman S.P. and Gilmore B.F. (Eds). Hugo and Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology (8th Edition). UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Briassoulis, G., Narlioglou, M., & Hatzis, T. (2001). Toxic encephalopathy associated with use of DEET insect repellents: a case analysis of its toxicity in children. Human & experimental toxicology, 20(1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1191/096032701676731093
Christensson, J. B., Matura, M., Gruvberger, B., Bruze, M., & Karlberg, A. T. (2010). Linalool–a significant contact sensitizer after air exposure. Contact dermatitis, 62(1), 32-41.
Clem, J. R., Havemann, D. F., & Raebel, M. A. (1993). Insect repellent (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide) cardiovascular toxicity in an adult. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 27(3), 289-293. https://doi.org/10.1177/106002809302700305
Halim, R., & Fitri, A. (2020). Aktivitas minyak sereh wangi sebagai anti nyamuk. Jurnal Kesmas Jambi, 4(1), 28-34. https://doi.org/10.22437/jkmj.v4i1.8940
Henderson, E.J., Rutt, J.N., & Albertini, L.W. (2023). What Parents Should Know About Bugs and Bug Repellents. JAMA Pediatric, 177(5): 547-547. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.5907
Kamaruzaman, N. & Yusop, S.M. (2021). Determination of stability of cosmetics formulations incorporated with water soluble elastin isolated from poultry. Journal of King Saud University – Science, 22(6), 101519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101519
Kim, J-K., Kang, C-S, K. C., Lee, J-K., Kim, Y-R., Han, H-Y., & Yun, H-K. (2007). Evaluation of repellency effect of two natural aroma mosquito repellent compounds, citronella and citronellal. Entomologi Research, 35(2), 117-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5967.2005.tb00146.x
Lazzari, C.R. (2024). Review: Why do repellents repel?, Current Opinion in Insect Science, 66, 101277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2024.101277
Luker, H. A., Salas, K. R., Esmaeili, D., Holguin, F. O., Bendzus-Mendoza, H., & Hansen, I. A. (2023). Repellent efficacy of 20 essential oils on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and Ixodes scapularis ticks in contact-repellency assays. Scientific reports, 13(1), 1705.
Lukić, M., Pantelić, I. & Savić, S.D. (2021). Towards Optimal pH of the Skin and Topical Formulations: From the Current State of the Art to Tailored Products. Cosmetics, 8(3), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8030069
Lupi, E., Hatz, C., & Schlagenhauf, P. (2013). The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp.–A literature review. Travel medicine and infectious disease, 11(6), 374-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.10.005
Panton, R. L. (2023). Incompressible Flow (5th ed.). Wiley.
Pujiastuti, A. & Nurani, S.H. (2023). Evaluasi Mutu Fisik, Stabilitas Mekanik dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Hand and Body Lotion Ekstrak Labu Kuning (Cucurbita moschata D.). Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product, 6(1), https://doi.org/10.35473/ijpnp.v6i01.2235
Purwatiningsih, P., Oktarianti, R., Setiawan, R., Agustin, W. T., & Mursyidah, A. (2021). Keanekaragaman Jenis Nyamuk yang Berpotensi Sebagai Vektor Penyakit (Diptera: Culicidae) di Taman Nasional Baluran Indonesia, Al-Qauniyah: Jurnal Biologi, 14(2), 184—194
Marquele-Oliveira, F., Fonseca, Y., Freitas, O de., & Fonseca, M.V. (2007). Development of topical functionalized formulations added with propolis extract: Stability, cutaneous absorption and in vivo studies. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 342(1-2):40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.04.026
McHenry, M., & Lacuesta, G. (2014). Severe allergic reaction to diethyltoluamide (DEET) containing insect repellent. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 10(Suppl 2), A30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-10-S2-A30
Moniharapon, D. D., & Unitly, A. J. A. (2023). Herbal Pengendali Nyamuk. Bandung: Widina Media Utama
Mukhlisin, M., Fauzi, F.M. & Sari, D.R. (2024). Phytochemical Screening of Citronella Extract (Cymbopogon nardus) with Different Solvents and Stability of Mosquito Repellant Lotion. JOPS (Journal Of Pharmacy and Science) 8(1):45-53.
Ravera, F., Dziza, K., Santini, E., Cristofolini, L., & Liggieri, L. (2021). Emulsification and emulsion stability: The role of the interfacial properties. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 288, 102344, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2020.102344
Ray, A. (2016). Reception of odors and repellents in mosquitoes. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 34, 158-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2015.06.014
Riffell, J. A. (2019). Olfaction: repellents that congest the mosquito nose. Current Biology, 29(21), R1124-R1126. 10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.053
Roy, S., Majumder, S., Deb, A. & Choudhury, L. (2023). Microbial contamination of cosmetics and the pharmaceutical products, and their preservation strategies: A comprehensive review. Novel Research in Microbiology Journal, 7(5): 2116-2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/nrmj.2023.317346
Safaruddin, Alif, M.N, Inayah, N., & Amin, R. (2024). Pengembangan Formula Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorataL) Dengan Variasi Minyak Serai (Oleum citronellae) Sebagai Lotion Anti Nyamuk. Inhealth: Indonesian Health Jornal, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.56314/inhealth.v3i1.197
Saputra, A. A., Mulyadi, D., & Khumaisah, L. L. (2020). Uji Efektivitas Formula E-Liquid Minyak Sereh Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus L.) sebagai Repelan terhadap Aedes aegypti. Chimica et Natura Acta, 8(3), 126-132. https://doi.org/10.24198/cna.v8.n3.26257
Sari, D.K. & Lestari, R.S.D. (2015). Pengaruh Waktu Dan Kecepatan Pengadukan Terhadap Emulsi Minyak Biji Matahari (Helianthus annuus L.) dan Air. Jurnal Integrasi Proses, 5(3), 155-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.36055/jip.v5i3.368
Shkreli, R.; Terziu, R.; Memushaj, L. and Dhamo, K. (2022). Formulation and stability evaluation of a cosmetics emulsion concentrations of loaded synthetic with and different natural preservative. Journal of Biological Studies, 5(1): 38-51. https://doi.org/10.62400/jbs.v5i1.6373
Sinko, P.J. & Singh, Y. (2013). Martin's physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences: Physical chemical and biopharmaceutical principles in the pharmaceutical sciences: Sixth edition.
Soonwera, M. (2015). Efficacy of essential oils from citrus plants against mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti (Linn.) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Intl J Agric Technol, 11: 669-681
Sritabutra, D., Soonwera, M., Waltanachanobon, S., & Puongjai, S. (2011). Evaluation of herbal essential oil as repellents against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrion. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(1):S124–S128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60138-X
Tadros, T.F. (2013). Book: Emulsion Formation and Stability. John Wiley & Sons.
Tawatsin, A., Wratten, S. D., Scott, R. R., Thavara, U., & Techadamrongsin, Y. (2001). Repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors. Journal of vector ecology, 26, 76-82.
Turek, C., & Stintzing, F. C. (2012). Impact of different storage conditions on the quality of selected essential oils. Food Research International, 46(1), 341-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.028
World Health Organization. (2000). Global collaboration for development of pesticides for public health : repellents and toxicants for personal protection: by D. R. Barnard. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66666
Published
2025-09-27
How to Cite
Puspita, F., Roziafanto, A., & Saragih, L. (2025). Effect of Time and Storage Conditions on the Stability of Citronellal Lotion. Sainteks: Jurnal Sain Dan Teknik, 7(02), 223-235. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37577/sainteks.v7i02.910
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Articles
